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- Prevalence and treatment of pain in EDs in the United States, 2000 to 2010.Am J Emerg Med. 2014; 32: 421-431
- There is oligo-evidence for oligoanalgesia.Ann Emerg Med. 2012; 60: 212-214
- Trends in drug-poisoning deaths involving opioid analgesics and heroin: United States, 1999–2012. NCHS Health E-Stat.National Centers for Health Statistics, Hyattsville (MD)2014 (Available at:)
Ducharme J. Non-opioid pain medications to consider for emergency department patients. Available at: http://www.acepnow.com/article/non-opioid-pain-medications-consider-emergency-department-patients/. Accessed February 11, 2015.
- Opioid consumption following outpatient upper extremity surgery.J Hand Surg Am. 2012; 37: 645-650
- Long-term analgesic use after low risk surgery: a retrospective cohort study.Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172: 425-430
- Clinical pharmacology: opioids.in: Macintyre P.E. Clinical pain management (acute pain). 2nd edition. Hodder & Stoughton Limited, London2008: 68-79
- Intravenous opioids for severe acute pain in the emergency department.Ann Pharmacother. 2010; 44: 1800-1809
- Intravenous morphine at 0.1 mg/kg is not effective for controlling severe acute pain in the majority of patients.Ann Emerg Med. 2005; 46: 362-367
- Randomized double-blind placebo- controlled trial of two intravenous morphine dosages (0.10 mg/kg and 0.15 mg/kg) in emergency department patients with moderate to severe acute pain.Ann Emerg Med. 2007; 49: 445-453
- Intravenous paracetamol or morphine for the treatment of renal colic: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Ann Emerg Med. 2009; 54: 568-574
- Efficacy and impact of intravenous morphine before surgical consultation in children with right lower quadrant pain suggestive of appendicitis: a randomized controlled trial.Ann Emerg Med. 2007; 50: 371-378
- Should morphine dosing be weight based for analgesia in the emergency department?.J Opioid Manag. 2012; 8: 51-55
- Analgesic response to morphine in obese and morbidly obese patients in the emergency department.Emerg Med J. 2014; 31: 139-142
- No correlation between body size and hydromorphone analgesia in obese patients in ED.Am J Emerg Med. 2015; 33: 1522-1523
- Intravenous morphine titration to treat severe pain in the ED.Am J Emerg Med. 2008; 26: 676-682
- Safety and efficacy of rapid titration using 1mg doses of intravenous hydromorphone in emergency department patients with acute severe pain: the “1+1” protocol.Ann Emerg Med. 2009; 54: 221-225
- Randomized clinical trial of nebulized fentanyl citrate versus i.v. fentanyl citrate in children presenting to the emergency department with acute pain.Acad Emerg Med. 2007; 14: 895-898
- Nebulized fentanyl versus intravenous morphine in children with suspected limb fractures in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial.Emerg Med Australas. 2009; 21: 203-209
- A randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal fentanyl to intravenous morphine for managing acute pain in children in the emergency department.Ann Emerg Med. 2007; 49: 335-340
- Randomised controlled trial of patient controlled analgesia compared with nurse delivered analgesia in an emergency department.Emerg Med J. 2005; 22: 25-29
- A randomized controlled trial of patient-controlled analgesia compared with boluses of analgesia for the control of acute traumatic pain in the emergency department.J Emerg Med. 2012; 43: 951-957
- Safety and efficacy of patient-controlled analgesia.Br J Anaesth. 2001; 87: 36-46
- Clinical Pharmacology: traditional NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors.in: Macintyre P.E. Walker S.M. Rowbotham D.J. Clinical pain management (acute pain). 2nd edition. Hodder & Stoughton Limited, London2008: 68-79
- Management of pain in the emergency department.ISRN Emerg Med. 2013; 2013 (Available at:)
- Individual NSAIDs and upper gastrointestinal complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (the SOS project).Drug Saf. 2012; 35: 1127-1146
- NSAID use and efficacy in the emergency department: single doses of oral ibuprofen versus intramuscular ketorolac.Ann Pharmacother. 1994; 28: 309-312
- Intramuscular ketorolac versus oral ibuprofen in acute musculoskeletal pain.Ann Emerg Med. 1995; 26: 117-120
- The analgesic efficacy of ketorolac for acute pain.J Emerg Med. 1996; 14 ([review]): 67-75
- Clinical Pharmacology: paracetamol and compund analgesics.in: Macintyre P.E. Walker S.M. Rowbotham D.J. Clinical pain management (acute pain). 2nd edition. Hodder & Stoughton Limited, London2008: 84-93
Viscusi ER, Singla N, Gonzalez A, et al. IV acetaminophen improves pain management and reduces opioid requirements in surgical patients. Available at: http://www.anesthesiologynews.com/download/SR122_WM.pdf. Accessed February 6, 2016.
- Clinical and economic evidence for intravenous acetaminophen.Pharmacotherapy. 2012; 32: 559-579
- Intravenous paracetamol versus morphine for renal colic in the emergency department: a randomised double-blind controlled trial.Emerg Med J. 2012; 29: 902-905
- Comparing the analgesic effect of intravenous acetaminophen and morphine on patients with renal colic pain referring to the emergency department: A randomized controlled trial.J Res Med Sci. 2013; 18: 772-776
- Comparison of clinical efficacy of intravenous acetaminophen with intravenous morphine in acute renal colic: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.Emerg Med Int. 2014; 2014: 571326
- Randomised comparison of intravenous paracetamol and intravenous morphine for acute traumatic limb pain in the emergency department.Emerg Med J. 2012; 29: 37-39
- Intravenous paracetamol versus dexketoprofen in acute migraine attack in the emergency department: a randomised clinical trial.Emerg Med J. 2014; 31: 182-185
- Ketamine: Current applications in anesthesia, pain, and critical care.Anesth Essays Res. 2014; 8: 283-289
- Management of severe acute pain in emergency settings: ketamine reduces morphine consumption.Am J Emerg Med. 2007; 25: 385-390
- Effective analgesia with low-dose ketamine and reduced dose hydromorphone in ED patients with severe pain.Am J Emerg Med. 2013; 31: 847-851
- Low-dose ketamine improves pain relief in patients receiving intravenous opioids for acute pain in the emergency department: results of a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.Acad Emerg Med. 2014; 21: 1193-1202
- Low-dose ketamine vs morphine for acute pain in the ED: a randomized controlled trial.Am J Emerg Med. 2015; 33: 402-408
- Intravenous subdissociative-dose ketamine versus morphine for analgesia in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial.Ann Emerg Med. 2015; 66: 222-229.e1
- Short (low-dose) ketamine infusion for managing acute pain in the ED: case-report series.Am J Emerg Med. 2015; 33: 601.e5-601.e7
- Sub-dissociative dose intranasal ketamine for limb injury pain in children in the emergency department:a pilot study.Emerg Med Australas. 2013; 25: 161-167
- The PICHFORK (Pain in Children Fentanyl or Ketamine) trial: a randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal ketamine and fentanyl for the relief of moderate to severe pain in children with limb injuries.Ann Emerg Med. 2015; 65: 248-254
- Intranasal ketamine for analgesia in the emergency department: a prospective observational series.Acad Emerg Med. 2013; 20: 1050-1054
- Clinical pharmacology: local anesthetics.in: Macintyre P.E. Walker S.M. Rowbotham D.J. Clinical pain management (acute pain). 2nd edition. Hodder & Stoughton Limited, London2008: 113-129
- Targeted topical analgesics for acute pain.Pain Med News. 2014; 12 (Available at:) (Accessed February 6, 2016): 56-63
- Analgesic effect of lidocaine patch 5% in the treatment of acute herpes zoster: a double-blind and vehicle-controlled study.Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008; 33: 320-325
- Ultrasound-guided interscalene block for shoulder dislocation reduction in the ED.Am J Emerg Med. 2006; 24: 293-296
- Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block for the treatment of upper extremity fractures, dislocations, and abscesses in the ED.Am J Emerg Med. 2007; 25: 472-475
- Feasibility of forearm ultrasonography-guided nerve blocks of the radial, ulnar, and median nerves for hand procedures in the emergency department.Ann Emerg Med. 2006; 48: 558-562
- Ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block for hip fractures in the emergency department.J Emerg Med. 2012; 43: 692-697
- Ultrasound-guided femoral nerve blocks in elderly patients with hip fractures.Am J Emerg Med. 2010; 28: 76-81
- Feasibility and safety of ultrasound-guided nerve block for management of limb injuries by emergency care physicians.J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2012; 5: 28-32
- Intraarticular lidocaine versus intravenous procedural sedation with narcotics and benzodiazepines for reduction of the dislocated shoulder: a systematic review.Acad Emerg Med. 2008; 15: 703-708
- Intra-articular lignocaine versus intravenous analgesia with or without sedation for manual reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocation in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (CD004919)
- Parenteral lidocaine for treatment of intractable renal colic: a case series.J Med Case Rep. 2011; 5: 256
- Effectiveness of intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous morphine for patients with renal colic in the emergency department.BMC Urol. 2012; 12: 13
- Intravenous lidocaine for the emergency department treatment of acute radicular low back pain, a randomized controlled trial.J Emerg Med. 2014; 47: 119-124
- Clinical pharmacology: other adjuvants.in: Macintyre P.E. Walker S.M. Rowbotham D.J. Clinical pain management (acute pain). 2nd edition. Hodder & Stoughton Limited, London2008: 97-98
- Effectiveness of nitrous oxide in a rural EMS system.J Emerg Med. 1991; 9: 45-53
- A randomized comparison of nitrous oxide plus hematoma block versus ketamine plus midazolam for emergency department forearm fracture reduction in children.Pediatrics. 2006; 118: e1078-e1086
- Nitrous oxide/oxygen compared with fentanyl in reducing pain among adults with isolated extremity trauma: a randomized trial.Emerg Med Australas. 2011; 23: 761-768
Gaskin DJ, Richard P. The economic costs of pain in the United States. In: relieving pain in America: a blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education, and research. 2011. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK91497/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK91497.pdf. Accessed February 6, 2016.
- Opioid epidemic in the United States.Pain Physician. 2012; 15: ES9-38
- Prescription history of emergency department patients prescribed opioids.West J Emerg Med. 2013; 14: 247-252
- Choosing analgesics wisely: what we know (and still need to know) about long-term consequences of opioids.Ann Emerg Med. 2015; 65: 500-502
- Rational use of opioids for management of chronic non-terminal pain.Am Fam Physician. 2012; 86: 252-258
- Emergency department staff attitudes toward people presenting in chronic pain: a qualitative study.Pain Med. 2015; 16: 2065-2074
- A statewide prescription monitoring program affects emergency department prescribing behaviors.Ann Emerg Med. 2010; 56: 19-23.e1-3
- Clinician impression versus prescription drug monitoring program criteria in the assessment of drug-seeking behavior in the emergency department.Ann Emerg Med. 2013; 62: 281-289
- Clinical policy: critical issues in the prescribing of opioids for adult patients in the emergency department.Ann Emerg Med. 2012; 60: 499-525
- Emergency department opioid prescribing guidelines for the treatment of non-cancer related pain.AAEM Position Statement, Milwaukee (WI)2013 (Available at:)